الجمعة، 27 ديسمبر 2019

SWAYAM

Learn Free Online Courses for Every one Best for the  Industrial,Students ,Faculties any one can learn different types of courses at the cost of zero rupees . The right platform is that is SWAYAM   

Source :https://blog.wiziq.com/


about SWAYAM Courses Video by Maniramakrishna Adike



About SWAYAM

SWAYAM is a programme initiated by Government of India and designed to achieve the three cardinal principles of Education Policy viz., access, equity and quality. The objective of this effort is to take the best teaching learning resources to all, including the most disadvantaged. SWAYAM seeks to bridge the digital divide for students who have hitherto remained untouched by the digital revolution and have not been able to join the mainstream of the knowledge economy.

The courses hosted on SWAYAM are in 4 quadrants –
(1) video lecture,
(2) specially prepared reading material that can be downloaded/printed
(3) self-assessment tests through tests and quizzes and
(4) an online discussion forum for clearing the doubts.

Steps have been taken to enrich the learning experience by using audio-video and multi-media and state of the art pedagogy / technology.

In order to ensure that best quality content is produced and delivered, nine National Coordinators have been appointed. They are:


  1.   AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education) for self-paced and international courses
  2.   NPTEL (National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning) for Engineering
  3.   UGC (University Grants Commission) for non technical post-graduation education
  4.   CEC (Consortium for Educational Communication) for under-graduate education
  5.   NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) for school education
  6.   NIOS (National Institute of Open Schooling) for school education
  7.   IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) for out-of-school students
  8.   IIMB (Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore) for management studies
  9.   NITTTR (National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research) for Teacher Training programme

Courses delivered through SWAYAM are available free of cost to the learners, however learners wanting a SWAYAM certificate should register for the final proctored exams that come at a fee and attend in-person at designated centres on specified dates. Eligibility for the certificate will be announced on the course page and learners will get certificates only if this criteria is matched. Universities/colleges approving credit transfer for these courses can use the marks/certificate obtained in these courses for the same.


Credit Transfer

UGC has already issued the UGC (Credit Framework for online learning courses through SWAYAM) Regulation 2016 advising the Universities to identify courses where credits can be transferred on to the academic record of the students for courses done on SWAYAM. AICTE has also put out gazette notification in 2016 and subsequently for adoption of these courses for credit transfer.


Source : https://swayam.gov.in/about





Advantages/Benefits of the Platform

Scalability: WizIQ’s scalable education platform powered by Microsoft Azure ensures that millions of educators and learners use the platform seamlessly.

Infinite Storage: WizIQ offers practically endless storage space, given the size of content (and in any format) uploaded for the mass consumption. SWAYAM users can upload content and forget about it without thinking about storage management.

Single Sign-on: WizIQ provides a single sign-on facility to learners enrolled in courses on SWAYAM by leveraging Azure Directory Services.

Content Access: SWAYAM administration doesn’t need to worry about the performance and consistency if traffic spikes.

Consistent Learning Experience: WizIQ deploys certain technologies to offer a consistent experience to SWAYAM users regardless of the traffic spike.

Search in Multiple Indian Languages: SWAYAM users can search in their mother tongue or local language apart from English. SWAYAM is the only platform offering relevant searches in multiple regional languages.

Features of the Platform

For Swayam, WizIQ created

Dashboards: WizIQ has developed a full-fledged learner and instructor dashboard. This is the default landing page of the learner-side interface. The dashboard gives a snapshot view of the learner calendar, recent conversations, and courses. A detailed dashboard has been created for the instructors with the clickable view of the calendar, courses live, enrolled students, assignments, recent conversations and discussions.

Course Builder Innovation: New Course Types – apart from the self-paced and scheduled courses such as the weekly reading list, articles, and invitation only courses. The section on course rating and reviews section gives a detailed view of the rating, required time to complete the course, credit information, course language, benefit, and teacher reviews. WizIQ has developed discussion boards where students can interact with fellow learners using filters like creator, tag filters, and following. The group discussion boards can be created by an instructor for discussion on a particular topic. This gives insights into student activities and how they construct responses.

Videos: Another exciting feature is of adding captions/subtitles to videos incorporated for multi-linguistic and non-native English speakers in 9 different languages.

Tests and Assignments: In the Tests and Assignment section, the options for flexible assignment grading criteria and auto-graded assignments based on marks awarded are added. Mandatory pre and post-course surveys are integrated into the platform to ensure the effectiveness of courses available. Tests can be graded manually, and grading can be customized as the instructor desires.

Awarding certification: Upon completion of a course and payment of nominal fees, the learner is eligible to get a completion certificate

Paperless Grievance Redressal Mechanism: No online education platform other than SWAYAM has a built-in grievance redressal feature which allows students to ‘raise a ticket’ if they have any issues or are not satisfied with any course.


Source : https://blog.wiziq.com/

Audio General Knowledge : Indian History | Ancient India | Episode : 6 | Religious Movement (600 BC- 400 BC) | Buddhism

Audio General Knowledge : Indian History | Ancient India | 

Episode : 6 | Religious Movement (600 BC- 400 BC) | Buddhism 

Topic Covered  Buddhism, Buddha`s Life,Doctrine Buddhism, Trirana i.e. Three Jewels of Buddhism, Buddhism Literature , Pali texts, Sankrit Texts, , Sects of Buddhism .





Fore previous Episodes Click here for

Audio General Knowledge : Indian History | Ancient India | Hariyanka Dynassty 544 BC- 412 BC

Audio General Knowledge : Indian History | Ancient India | 

Episode : 5 | Hariyanka Dynassty 544 BC- 412 BC 

Topic Covered Hariyanka Dynasty Founder Bimbisara(544 BC-492 BC),and his son Ajatashatru (492 BC-460 BC) and his son Udayin (460BC- 440 BC) , Shisunga Dynasty (412 BC- 344 BC ), Nanda Dynasty ( 344 BC - 323 BC ), Foregin  Invasion on India, Effects of Iranian Invasion, Macedonian Invasion -Alexander`s Invasion (326 BC ) 





Fore previous Episodes Click here for

الخميس، 26 ديسمبر 2019

Audio General Knowledge : Indian History | 16 Mahajanpada Period

Audio General Knowledge : Indian History | Ancient India | 

Episode :4 | Mahajanapada Period 600 BC- 325 BC 

Topic Covered 16 Mahajanapadas, and there Capital Cites and modern names of Mahajanapadas,Rise of Magadha, Reasons for Magadha`s Success 




Fore previous Episodes Click here for

Audio General Knowledge : Indian History


Audio General Knowledge : Indian History | Ancient India | Episode :3 | Later Vedic Period 1000BC-600BC




Topic Covered in Audio Episode Geographical period Area of Later Vedic period , Polity, Socielty ,

Types of HIndu marraiges (viviaha)
  1.  Bramha vivha , 
  2. Daiva Vivha, 
  3. Arsha Vivia,
  4.  Prajapatya vivaha,
  5. Gandhava Vivaha, 
  6. Asura vivvha, 
  7. Rakshasa Vivaha,
  8.  Paishacha Vivaha,
  9. Anumola Vivaha, 
  10. Pratilloma Vivaha.  

16 Samskaras 

  1. Garbhadhana
  2. Pumsavana
  3. Simantonnayan
  4. Jatakarma
  5.  Namakaran
  6. Nishkramana
  7. Ananprasahana
  8. Chudkarma
  9. Karnachhedana 
  10. Vidyarmbha
  11. Upanayana
  12. Vedarmbha
  13. Samavaratna
  14. Vivaha
  15. Vanaprastha
  16. Antyesi
For Previous Episode Click Here 


Solar eclipse 2019 Images

Solar eclipse 2019 December Images in India.
Credits to By Maniramakrishna Adike

الأربعاء، 25 ديسمبر 2019

Audio General Knowledge -Indian History

Audio books 
General Knowledge 
Indian History 

This is electricalforu.com We started the Podcast Channel for the General knowledge Audio books for the Various Competitive Exam aspirant for the SSC, prelims, Upsc, National and State exam preparation Aspirants.you can listen any Platforms of Podcast  Click to Go for Our Podcast Channel "Self Learners " 


Audio books 
General Knowledge 
Indian History 
Episode -1
Audio books 
General Knowledge 
Indian History 
                                   Episode -2 Part -1
Audio books 
General Knowledge 
Indian History 

Episode -2 Part 2




الثلاثاء، 24 ديسمبر 2019

General Knowledge

General Knowledge : Indian History | Ancient India | Episode :1 | Harappan /Indus Civilization



Published on: December 24, 2019 at 7:56 PM






In this you will know the Indian History Topic . i.e Harappan / Indus Civilization Some important topics which well useful for the competitive exams .













الأحد، 22 ديسمبر 2019

How to draw the line and rectangle in CAD




   How to draw the line and rectangle in CAD                                           


             



السبت، 21 ديسمبر 2019

ECET/SSC JE PRACTICE Test : Electrical Traction

ECET/SSC JE PRACTICE Test : Electrical Traction consists of Total 25 Qtns from the
Electrical Traction Topic of Various Question and answers and with time Limit is the 10Min .
This Test mainly useful for the Electrical Engineering students of Diploma in Electrical Engineering Students and ITI Aspirants and other various Exam preparation like DRDO CEPTAM / SSC JE / ECET /  


ECET/SSC JE PRACTICE Test : Electrical Traction consists of Total 25 Qtns from the
Electrical Traction Topic of Various Question and answers and with time Limit is the 10Min .
This Test mainly useful for the Electrical Engineering students of Diploma in Electrical Engineering Students and ITI Aspirants and other various Exam preparation like DRDO CEPTAM / SSC JE / ECET /  

ECET/SSC JE PRACTICE Test : Electrical Traction consists of Total 25 Qtns from the 
Electrical Traction Topic of Various Question and answers and with time Limit is the 10Min .
This Test mainly useful for the Electrical Engineering students of Diploma in Electrical Engineering Students and ITI Aspirants and other various Exam preparation like DRDO CEPTAM / SSC JE / ECET /  




ECET/SSC JE PRACTICE Test : from the
Electrical Traction Topic of Various Question and answers and with time Limit is the 10Min .
This Test mainly useful for the Electrical Engineering students of Diploma in Electrical Engineering Students and ITI Aspirants and other various Exam preparation like DRDO CEPTAM / SSC JE / ECET /
for More Test please click here 

الجمعة، 20 ديسمبر 2019

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DRAWING Preparation Tips

ELECTRICAL ENGINERRING DRAWING Preparation Tips for THE  C18 Syllabus 

2nd year IV SEM Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering for the Telnagana State Board of Technical Education  .Electrical Engineering Drawing Topics Preparation Tips for the MID and Semister End Exams  Strategy is Explained in the below video

Students Go through the video Then  Can understand the Easily

For the TS SBTET C18 IV SEM   DEEE  Syllabus Click here 

in this WE explained the preparation and overview of the Electrical Engineering Drawing 






ELECTRICAL ENGINERRING DRAWING Preparation Tips for THE  C18 Syllabus 

2nd year IV SEM Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering for the Telnagana State Board of Technical Education  .Electrical Engineering Drawing Topics Preparation Tips for the MID and Semister End Exams  Strategy is Explained in the below video

Students Go through the video Then  Can understand the Easily

For the TS SBTET C18 IV SEM   DEEE  Syllabus Click here 

 

How to learn Telugu Typing at Home in PC | Typewriter Keyboard | Electr...

الأربعاء، 18 ديسمبر 2019

SSC RRB ECET GATE PRACTICE TEST 3

SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants
SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants


The below exams consist  of 20 question from basic electrical Engineering there is no time limit for the exams  

الأربعاء، 11 ديسمبر 2019

ECET RRB SSC JE ELECTRICAL Practice Test 2

SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants
SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants SSC / RRB / ECET /GATE / PRACTICE TEST  for the Diploma in electrical and Electronics engineering and B.tech and BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Aspirants


The below exams consist  of 26 question from basic electrical Engineering there is no time limit for the exams  

الثلاثاء، 10 ديسمبر 2019

DC machines MCQ

DC machines Quiz for Patrice test for all competitive exams exams 

DC machines Quiz for Patrice test for all competitive exams exams for all ECEt and SSC JE , RRB JE , PSU ,TRANSCO, GENCO,DISCOM  and other competitive exams . DC machines Quiz for Patrice test for all competitive exams exams for all ECEt and SSC JE , RRB JE , PSU ,TRANSCO, GENCO,DISCOM  and other competitive exams 




Practice Test here 


الاثنين، 9 ديسمبر 2019

Comparison of Various cells Batteries

Batteries
           A cell also known as Storage cell.
  • ·         A cell is a source of D.C in which Chemical Energy is converted into  Electrical Energy.
  • ·         A group of such cells either connected in either series or parallel or series – parallel is known as Battery.
  • ·         This process is called Electro Chemical action. A cell consists of two dissimilar metal plates ( Say Copper and Zinc) immersed in an electrolyte .


  • ·         The chemical action in the cell causes copper plate to become Positively charged and Zinc plate Negatively charged.

TYPES OF DC MOTORS



TYPES OF DC MOTORS
          DC motors are classified according to the way in which their fields excited
1. Separately excited dc motor
2. DC series motor
3. DC shunt motor
4. DC compound motor


SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR
          These motors have field coils similar to the field coils  of a shunt wound motor.
          The field coils are excited by the separate dc source.
          Armature current Ia = I = line current
          Back emf equation Eb = V – IaRa

الجمعة، 6 ديسمبر 2019

Applications of D.C. Motors




D.C shunt motor applications : This motor has approximately constant speed . It can be used for Lathes, Line shafts drives , Centrifugal pumps , Reciprocating pumps, Machine tools ,Blowers , Fans , Grinders , Shapers, Wood working machines , Small printing presses etc.,



                                                        image source Wikipedia                 
                                                
                                                              Centrifugal pumps



D.C series motor applications : Series motor has high starting torque . It can be used for Electric traction, Electric Locomotives , Rapid transit systems , Tram cars, Railway cars, Cranes, Hoists, Elevators, Conveyers etc.,

What are the basic requirements generating EMF ?



Ø  What are the basic requirements generating EMF ?
          Conductor
          Magnetic Field
          Relative Speed

How EMF is Induced ?
Ø  When ever a conductor cuts the Magnetic field an EMF is induced in it ( Faradays Ist law of Electro magnetic induction )

What are the types of Induced EMF ?
Ø  Dynamically Induced EMF
Ø  Self Induced EMF




What do you mean my the word Dynamics ?
Ø  Dynamics is related to motion

The Invisible Ether and Michelson Morley

By: Mike Strauss
The concept of the invisible ether or 'aether' is an old concept dating to the time of the ancient Greeks.  They considered the ether as that medium which permeated all of the universe and even believed the ether to be another element.  Along with Earth, Wind, Fire and Water Aristotle proposed that the ether should be treated as the fifth element or quintessence; this term which literally means 'fifth element' has even survived down to the present day to explain an exotic form of 'dark energy' which is crucial in some cosmological models.  These ideas spread throughout the world until the advent of a new springtime in scientific thought.  The first person in the modern era to conceive of the idea of an underlying ether to support the movement of light waves was seventeenth century dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens.

Many others followed in expressing their opinions on the ether concept.  Whilst Isaac Newton disagreed with Huygens wave theory he also wrote about the 'aethereal medium' although he expressed his consternation in not knowing what the aether was.  Newton later renounced the ether theory because in his mind the infinite stationary ether would interrupt the motions of the enormous masses (the stars and planets) as they moved in space.  This rejection was reinforced by some other problematical wave properties which were not explicable at the time; most notably, the production of a double image when light passes through certain translucent materials.  This property of matter known as 'birefringence' was an important hurdle to be overcome for a proper understanding of the wave nature of light.

Some time later (1720) whilst working on other astronomical issues related to light and the cosmos, English scientist James Bradley made observations in hopes of quantifying a parallax.  This effect is an apparent motion of foreground objects in comparison to those in the background.  Whilst he was unable to discern this parallax effect he happened to reveal another effect which is prevalent in cosmological observations; this other effect is known as stellar aberration.  Bradley was able to easily describe this aberration in terms of Newton's particle theory of light.  However, to do so in light of the wave or undulatory theory was difficult at best since to do so would have required a 'motionless' medium; the static nature of this ether concept was of course the property which had originally caused Newton's denial of the idea.

But Newton's acolytes would find themselves in a difficult position when it was shown that birefringence could be explained through another interpretation of the nature of light.  If light was treated as being in a side to side action or 'transverse motion' then birefringence could be attributed to a light wave rather than the particle or corpuscular theory of Newton.  This along with the detection of an interference effect for light by Thomas Young in 1801 renewed the ascendancy of the wave theory of light.  These findings however carried with them all of the preconceived notions prevalent in the scientific mind.  Since it was assumed that waves like water and sound waves required a medium of propagation, it was similarly assumed that light still needed a medium or ether for its waves to be transmitted across the universe.

However, further problems would afflict the ether theory.  Because of the unique properties of a transverse wave it became apparent that this hypothetical explanation required the ether to be a solid.  In response, Cauchy, Green and Stokes contributed theoretical and mathematical observations to an 'entrainment' hypothesis which later came to be known as the 'ether drag' concept.  But nothing would give more impetus to these ideas than when James Clerk Maxwell's equations (1870s) required the constancy of the speed of light (c).  When the implications of Maxwell's equations are worked out by physicists, it was understood that as a result of the need for a constant speed of light only one reference frame could meet this requirement under the teachings of Galilean Newtonian relativity.  Therefore, scientists expected that there existed a unique absolute reference frame which would comply with this need; as a result, the ether would again be stationary.

As a consequence, by the late nineteenth century the aether was assumed to be an immovable rigid medium.  However, earlier previous theories existed as to the nature of the aether.  One of the most famous of these is known as the 'aether drag' hypothesis.  In this concept, the aether is a special environment within which light moves.  Also, this aether would be connected to all material objects and would move along with them.  Measuring the speed of light in such a system would render a constant velocity for light no matter where one tested for light's speed.  This 'aether drag' idea originated in the aftermath of Francois Arago's experiment which appeared to show the constancy of the speed of light.  Arago believed that refractive indexes would change when measured at different times of the day or year as a result of stellar and earthly motion.  In spite of his efforts, he did not notice any change in the refractive indexes so measured.

Many other experiments would follow; these were performed in order to find evidence of the aether in its many different abstractions.  However the most important of these was conducted by american scientists Michelson and Morley.  Their experiment considered another alleged effect of a different aether theory which came to be known as the aether wind.  Since the aether permeated the entire universe, the earth would move within the ether as it spun on its axis and moved within the solar system about the sun.  This movement of the earth with respect to the aether gave rise rise to the idea that it would be possible to detect an 'ether wind' which would be sensed because of the aforementioned movement.  Thus, their experiment was essentially an attempt to detect the so-called ether wind.  This mysterious zephyr would be nearly impossible to detect because the aether only infinitesimally affected the surrounding material world.  Michelson first experimented in 1881 with a primitive version of his interferometer; a mechanism designed to measure the wave like properties of light.  He would follow this by combining forces with Morley in the most famous 'null' experiment of physics.

In this investigation, Michelson utilized an improved version of his interferometer device.  Michelson's apparatus would help him win the Nobel prize for his optical precision instruments and the investigations carried out with them.  His most important study being what became known as the Michelson Morley experiment of 1887.  Michelson and Morley used a beam splitter made of a partially transparent mirror and two other mirrors arranged horizontally and vertically from a light source.  When a beam of light traveled from a source of coherent light to the half-silvered mirror (the semitransparent mirror) it is transmitted to either of the horizontal or vertical mirrors.  When the light returned to the eyepiece of an observer the separately returning light waves would combine destructively or constructively.  This phenomenon is known as the interference effect for light.  It was hoped that a shifting of the interference fringes from that which was normally predicted would be able to ascertain the existence of the aether wind.

To detect this effect, the Michelson interferometer was prepared in such a manner as to minimize any and all extraneous sources of experimental error.  It was located in a lower level of a stone edifice to eliminate heat and oscillatory effects which might comprise the experimental results.  Additionally, the interferometer was mounted atop a marble slab that was floated in a basin of mercury.  This was so that the apparatus could be moved through a variety of positions with respect to the invisible ether.  But despite their many preparations the experiment did not yield the expected fringe patterns.  Thus, Michelson and Morley concluded that there was no evidence for the existence of the ether.  Others would replicate the experiment in different incarnations which modified the premise of the experiment.  Each and every one returning a similar negative result.  Modern theorists have taken these results and those of many other experiments as being indicative of the non-existence of the aether.  However, even the negative result of Michelson Morley has come in to question as far back as 1933.

In that year, Dayton Miller demonstrated the fact that even though the duo's experiment had not specifically found the expected range of interference patterns, they had found an interesting little noticed effect.  Miller then went on to suggest that Michelson Morley had found an experimental sine wave like set of data that correlated well with the predicted pattern of data.  He also described how thermal and directional assumptions inherent in the experimental arrangement may have impacted badly on the fringe interference data.  Thus, the test may have been performed in an imperfectly conceived experimental setup and with a built in mathematical bias against the detection of an appropriate outcome.  Thus, in the future the aether theory in some form or another may still be sustainable as a foundational theory of physics.

Perhaps it is best to leave with these ideas as expressed in 1920 by Einstein who stated that he believed the ether theory to still be relevant to his ideas on space and time:

"More careful reflection teaches us, however, that the special theory of relativity does not compel us to deny ether. We may assume the existence of an ether"

he continued:

"Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether"

and finally:

"According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it."

Author Bio
Michael Strauss is an engineer and author of Requiem for Relativity the Collapse of Special Relativity, a serious critique on the fallacies of Special Relativity.  To contact the author visit: www.relativitycollapse.com

Article Source: http://www.ArticleGeek.com - Free Website Content

Big Bang Booming - Back to the Future


               Then God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.  This ancient description of the creation of the universe found in the Book of Genesis may be accurate after all.  The big bang theory describes the beginning of the universe as having been precipitated from an infinitesimally small point.  In this small volume, all matter and energy was concentrated until its contents exploded in either a smooth expansion or an incredibly violent energetic explosion that formed the planets, stars and galaxies.  Originally this theory had competition from what is called the 'steady state' theory whereby the universe is forever expanding and new matter and energy is created spontaneously within the space left by the receding galaxies.  However, empirical observations have directed astronomers and scientists into the acceptance of the big bang model.  But how did we get to this point in our understanding?

In the early part of the twentieth century the American astronomer Vesto Slipher and the German Carl Wirtz made some important astronomical discoveries.  Using spectral analysis, Slipher deciphered the mixtures of gases contained in planetary atmospheres as well as nebulae.  What distinguishes his findings is the discovery that most if not all galaxies outside of our own demonstrate what is called a 'Red Shift.'  This shift is simply a change in the wavelength of the light emitted by those objects under investigation towards a longer wavelength.  Wirtz similarly catalogued many red shifts of the nebulae which he chose to study.  But it was still to early for them to realize the full potential meaning of their observations.  That would wait until Einstein's General Relativity would be interpreted by other scientists through further mathematical analysis.

His contemporaries demonstrated to Einstein that his new Theory of General Relativity published in 1916 was not compatible with a 'static' universe of space time.  The theory predicted an expanding or collapsing universe but not a fixed cosmos.  Because he personally believed the universe to be an invariable space time continuum, Einstein engaged in a degree of scientific legerdemain.  To correct what he perceived to be as 'flaws' in his theory he added the contrivance of a cosmological constant known as lambda to force the static universe into reality.  Einstein's view of perfection in an unchanging space time continuum had led him down a blind alley as much as Aristotle's concept of perfection had brought that great philosopher into the error of believing in a static Earth at the center of the universe.

But even with the addition of the cosmological constant lambda, the universe was still found to be unstable and this whole affair would later be viewed by Einstein as his "greatest blunder."    His cosmological acrobatics behind him, Einstein yielded the stage to others for a clearer understanding of his own theory.  It fell to Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann to consider the consequences of General Relativity without the constant lambda interfering with his study of these relationships.  In doing so, the Russian mathematician and cosmologist derived the solution which predicts an ever expanding cosmological structure (1922), a prediction which was disagreeable with Einstein's concept of universal perfection.  A couple of years later, Friedmann published his findings in "About the Possibility of a World with Constant Negative Curvature of Space."  But the entire hypothetical construct still lacked a complete verbalization mathematically and theoretically.

Enter the Reverend Father Georges Lemaitre, a Catholic priest from Belgium.  Rev. Fr. Lemaitre provided the equations necessary to formulate the basis of Big Bang theory in his work entitled "Hypothesis of the Primeval Atom."  He postulated that the universe began as a primordial atom of infinitesimal volume and enormous mass energy as well as space and time and everything else comprising the future universe.  At some point the universe began with the explosion of this super atom.  Lemaitre published his theoretical ideas between the years 1927 and 1933 and speculated that the movement of the nebulae demonstrated the validity of the explosion of his cosmic super atom.  Unfortunately, he also wrongly believed that cosmic rays might be an after effect of the super atom's big bang.  These are now known to be generated not from a universal conflagration but from galactic sources unrelated to the big bang.

However, the new theory still lacked a major source of observational support.  This would be provided by Edwin Hubble's observations of the redshift of galaxies.  Taking up where Slipher and Wirtz left off, Hubble employed a novel technique to discern the properties of the galactic movements.  By choosing to observe stars that are known as Cepheid Variables he could more accurately make measurements.  Cepheids are a type of star that brighten and darken and lighten back up in regular periods of time that are well known.  Cepheids that have identical cycle times of brightening darkening and brightening again also have identical or nearly identical luminosity.  Thus, if one compares the length of the cycle to the amount of light apparent to the observer it is possible to accurately prepare an estimate of the distance to the cepheid.

In this manner, Hubble had found that the nebulae or galaxies exhibited a galactic red shift; in other words, that galaxies were receding away from ours at a speed which is correlated directly with the distance between our vantage point and the galaxy being studied.  The further away the galaxies were the faster they appeared to be going in moving away from us.  The results of these investigations is now known as Hubble's Law.  Essentially, this law states that universe is in an ever expanding mode whereby the intergalactic distances continue to grow without bound into infinity.  Hubble's Law depends upon the shifting of the wavelength of light and after having been delineated in 1929 has been subsequently proven over and over again.  Further, Hubble's constant has been recalculated to a more 'perfect' value and retains a great probability of being 'recomputed' in the future based upon new observations.

Thus, it should be clear to the reader that our scientists have a fateful habit of introducing their preconceived notions of beauty into their models.  From Aristotle's static Earth to Einstein's greatest blunder, the constant which forces a static universe, we proceed only from the wisdom of our weak minds.  The more things change the more things stay the same.  Man's hubris knows no limits in our attempts to understand things without the wisdom to comprehend its underlying meaning.  Humble we are not.  We are making the same mistakes we always have.  Back to the future.  

Author Bio
Michael Strauss is an engineer and author of Requiem for Relativity the Collapse of Special Relativity, a serious critique on the fallacies of Special Relativity.  To contact the author visit:  www.relativitycollapse.com

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السبت، 23 نوفمبر 2019

Body Language Speaks Louder Than Words


Has it ever occurred to you how much you are saying to people even when you are not speaking?  Unless you are a master of disguise, you are constantly sending messages about your true thoughts and feelings whether you are using words or not.

Studies show that your words account for only 7% of the messages you convey. The remaining 93% is non-verbal. 55% of communication is based on what people see and the other 38% is transmitted through tone of voice. So think about it.  In the business setting, people can see what you are not saying.  If your body language doesn't match your words, you are wasting your time.

Eye contact is the most obvious way you communicate.  When you are looking at the other person, you show interest.  When you fail to make eye contact, you give the impression that the other person is of no importance.  Maintain eye contact about 60% of the time in order to look interested, but not aggressive.

Facial expression is another form of non-verbal communication. A smile sends a positive message and is appropriate in all but a life and death situation. Smiling adds warmth and an aura of confidence.  Others will be more receptive if you remember to check your expression.

Your mouth gives clues, too, and not just when you are speaking. Mouth movements, such as pursing your lips or twisting them to one side, can indicate that you are thinking about what you are hearing or that you are holding something back.

The position of your head speaks to people.  Keeping your head straight, which is not the same as keeping your head on straight, will make you appear self-assured and authoritative.  People will take you seriously.  Tilt your head to one side if you want to come across as friendly and open.

How receptive you are is suggested by where you place your arms.  Arms crossed or folded over your chest say that you have shut other people out and have no interest in them or what they are saying.  This position can also say, "I don't agree with you."  You might just be cold, but unless you shiver at the same time, the person in front of you may get the wrong message.

How you use your arms can help or hurt your image as well.  Waving them about may show enthusiasm to some, but others see this gesture as one of uncertainty and immaturity.  The best place for your arms is by your side. You will look confident and relaxed.  If this is hard for you, do what you always do when you want to get better at something - practice.   After a while, it will feel natural.

The angle of your body gives an indication to others about what's going through your head.  Leaning in says, "Tell me more."  Leaning away signals you've heard enough.  Adding a nod of your head is another way to affirm that you are listening.

Posture is just as important as your grandmother always said it was.  Sit or stand erect if you want to be seen as alert and enthusiastic.  When you slump in your chair or lean on the wall, you look tired. No one wants to do business with someone who has no energy.

Control your hands by paying attention to where they are. In the business world, particularly when you deal with people from other cultures, your hands need to be seen.  That would mean you should keep them out of your pockets and you should resist the urge to put them under the table or behind your back.  Having your hands anywhere above the neck, fidgeting with your hair or rubbing your face, is unprofessional.

Legs talk, too.  A lot of movement indicates nervousness.  How and where you cross them tells others how you feel.  The preferred positions for the polished professional are feet flat on the floor or legs crossed at the ankles.  The least professional and most offensive position is resting one leg or ankle on top of your other knee.  Some people call this the "Figure Four." It can make you look arrogant.

The distance you keep from others is crucial if you want to establish good rapport.  Standing too close or "in someone's face" will mark you as pushy. Positioning yourself too far away will make you seem standoffish.  Neither is what you want so find the happy medium.  Most importantly, do what makes the other person feel comfortable.  If the person with whom you are speaking keeps backing away from you, stop.  Either that person needs space or you need a breath mint.

You may not be aware of what you are saying with your body, but others will get the message.  Make sure it's the one you want to send.

Author Bio
Lydia Ramsey is a business etiquette expert, professional speaker, corporate trainer and author of MANNERS THAT SELL - ADDING THE POLISH THAT BUILDS PROFITS.  She has been quoted or featured in The New York Times, Investors' Business Daily, Entrepreneur, Inc., Real Simple and Woman's Day.  For more information about her programs, products and services, e-mail her at lydia@mannersthatsell.com or visit her web site www.mannersthatsell.com

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Top 5 Reasons to Sing Out Your Stress

Top 5 Reasons to Sing Out Your Stress


When people find out that I'm a music therapist, the comments I hear most often are "I wish I could sing!" or  "Oh, I love to sing, but I'm not good enough to do it in front of anyone". Some of these people tell me that, as children, a parent, teacher or someone else told them that they should just mouth the words because they didn't have a good enough voice.

Singing is our birthright! Singing is a natural and pure expression of how glad we feel to be alive, and the way we show our love of music. Here are my top five reasons to sing out your stress:

1. To connect with your body: We sing with our whole bodies. Because singing is so connected to closely with breath, singing helps us "be in our bodies" and let go of the thinking (or worrying) we do much of the day. Singing can be a joyful activity and can release endorphins (those feel-good chemicals that the body creates).

2. To connect with yourself: Meditative toning, singing along to a favourite song or simply humming to yourself are all ways to tap into your inner landscape and see what's going on in there.

3. To connect with others: Singing with other people - in meditation, prayer, at a sing-along, at a concert, or even over the telephone or Internet - helps us experience in a very deep way that we are all truly connected.

4. To express your feelings: Many times a singer, songwriter or composer has expressed our feelings in a way we could never have - if there's a song that expresses what you want or need to say, try singing along (keep in mind that this is just for you and it's not about "sounding good").

5. To boost your good feelings: Whatever you focus on, you'll invite more of into your life. You can choose uplifting, joyful and celebratory songs to sing.

So sing out! Be proud of your own unique voice. Experiment with what works for you - keep a journal of what you notice in your mind and body when you sing specific songs. Then you can choose the right song for the right moment and make use of the power of singing in your own life.

Author Bio
Linda Dessau, BFA, MTA, CPCC is a self-care expert, accredited music therapist and certified life coach. Learn more about using singing for stress management, personal growth and spiritual development at www.singoutyourstress.com, where you can download the FREE report, "Top 10 Ways to Sing Out Your Stress".


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A Change Will Do You Good

A Change Will Do You Good

As the last rays of summer's warmth ebb away and the gentle breezes of autumn waft themselves upon us, we recognize once again, that change is inevitable. Nature is constantly changing and yet, so many people have the notion that change is frightening.

People are creatures of habit and some find it difficult to adjust to changes that are certain to come our way.  Life is like an old, comfortable pair of shoes. We may realize that we need new ones and we may even find new ones we really like, but, we know that changing will cause us discomfort for a little while until we break them in.

Sometimes we need to realize that life isn't always easy.  What may be better for us is not what we are used to, but it is certainly worth the trouble of breaking in new habits and lifestyle changes.

Change does not have to be painful. Just look to nature and it will give you clues to how change can be effortless.  The beautifully colored autumn leaves do not hang on to the old tree for dear life.  No, they yield to the changes with ease and float gently off the tree.

With the coming of autumn we have been busy in our gardens pulling up the old stuff and getting ready for a time of rest.  We know that the ground must rest and next year there will be more wonderful things in our garden to delight us.

Are there things in your life that need to be gently eased out of your life? Maybe there are bad relationships or habits or thoughts that need to be weeded out of your life. Don't be afraid to do a little gardening in your own life.

Every gardener knows that unless we get to the roots, we really are not getting rid of the problem.  It may go away for awhile but unless we get to the root, it will sneak back into the garden very quickly.

Although the harvest time is here there is no time to stop weeding the garden of our minds.  This garden needs constant attention in order for us to flourish and be all that we can be.  The only way to keep this garden in top shape is to make sure that no weeds are there trying to strangle any good we are trying to do.  The weeds of our mind, of course are negative thoughts that like to creep in and keep us from achieving that which we are striving for.

William James said, "Human beings, by changing the inner attitudes of their minds, can change the outer aspects of their lives.

How do we change the inner attitudes of our minds?  By changing the way we think. We must put fear and negativity behind us. How, you ask?  Just as the leaves of autumn gently blow from the tree, don't try and make a change in your thinking over night and expect to get instant results.  We cannot rip these thoughts out of our minds, as much as we would like to sometimes. No, we need to be gentle on ourselves and let positive thoughts replace the negative.

Yes it will take some work on your part. You must constantly fill your mind with positive thoughts.  Proverbs 27: 3 says, As a man thinketh in his heart, so is he.  We are what we think.  When the negative thoughts come into your mind, you must be ready and willing to replace those thoughts with positive ones.  Just say to yourself, no, I won't let that thought take over my mind, I will think positively.  Affirmations are good to have readily available so you can replace the negative thought with the positive one.  It won't be easy, it won't be hard either, it will just be different, like that new pair of shoes we were talking about earlier.

The autumn leaves fall to make way for new life.  We too must go through changes that will bring new growth to our bodies, souls and spirits.

Change is inevitable, so why fight it? Why be afraid of it? Yes, change will require us to do a bit of readjusting but it is always worth it.  Don't be afraid of change, a change will do you good.


Author Bio

This article is bought to you by Sharron Myers (sharronmyers@googlemail.com)
Sharron Myers has been a teacher of Spiritual Truth for over 30 years. She also is a Certified Aromatherapist and Personal Development Consultant. Be sure to check out her site: www.sharron-myers.com

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